Functionalised carbon materials obtained from rice husk for membrane and inversion capacitive deionisation applications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18321/cpc22(1)37-48Keywords:
capacitive deionisation, inverted capacitive deionisation, activated carbon, biocharAbstract
Capacitive water deionisation (CDI) is attracting a lot of attention as a promising low-cost and energy-efficient desalination technology. The low cost of the device is primarily due to the possibility of using carbon materials from natural raw materials. One of the recent concepts of CDI development involves the use of inverted potential profile during operation (sorption at 0 V, desorption at low potential value), which further reduces the energy consumption of the system. The operation of such a system requires the use of carbon materials carrying a surface charge that will ensure sorption in the absence of an external potential. In the present work, we present a simple two-step methodology for the creation of highly porous carbon materials from rice husk and their subsequent chemical functionalisation with nitrogen-containing -NO2 and -NH2 groups carrying negative and positive charges, respectively. By using the modified materials, high values of specific capacitance of 253 F/g were achieved. The application of the obtained materials as electrodes in CDI membrane and inversion cells demonstrated their high efficiency, increasing the maximum specific adsorption capacity (SAC) by 15% (to 16.91 mg/g) compared to symmetric membrane cells using unmodified carbons.
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