Физико-химические характеристики отработанных моторных масел и их ресурсный потенциал
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18321/cpc24(3)435-449Ключевые слова:
отработанные моторные масла, физико-химические свойства, ИК-спектроскопия, вязкость, элементный состав, вторичное сырье, дорожные материалыАннотация
В условиях роста объемов образования отработанных моторных масел и ограниченных возможностей их безопасной утилизации актуальной задачей являются оценка их ресурсного потенциала и поиск направлений повторного использования. Целью исследования является изучение физико-химических свойств отработанных моторных масел различного происхождения (автобусного, автомобильного и тракторного) после эксплуатации и их предварительной очистки методом простой фильтрации для обоснования возможностей их применения в качестве вторичного сырья. В работе использован комплекс методов, включающий термический анализ, ИК-спектроскопию, реологические испытания и определение элементного состава. Установлено, что отработанные масла характеризуются снижением температур вспышки и воспламенения, что свидетельствует о потере термической стабильности. Вязкость образцов при 40 °С варьирует: для тракторного масла характерны пониженные значения вследствие разбавления примесями, тогда как для автомобильного – повышенные, обусловленные накоплением продуктов окисления и полимеризации. По данным ИК-спектроскопии выявлены карбонильные соединения, подтверждающие развитие окислительных процессов, наиболее выраженных в автомобильном масле. Элементный анализ показал повышенные концентрации Fe, Cu, Pb и Zn, связанные с износом деталей двигателя и поступлением загрязнений. Сделан вывод, что, несмотря на ограниченную пригодность для повторного использования по прямому назначению, отработанные моторные масла сохраняют значительный ресурсный потенциал за счет содержания тяжелых углеводородных фракций и продуктов окисления, что позволяет рассматривать их как вторичное сырье для применения в дорожном и строительном производстве, включая модификацию битумов и получение композиционных материалов, способствуя снижению экологической нагрузки и реализации принципов циркулярной экономики.
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